In Bangladesh, the Covid-19 pandemic hit economic players all at once. The small business sector, the country's engine of growth and employment, is one of the worst-hit sectors because of its high dependency on low-skilled labour, low compliance with occupational healthy and safety standards, and limited access to the financial market. In late April 2020, Light Castle Partners & Sheba.xyz and Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS) conducted a survey on the Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) and their workers and found that the pandemic-induced lock down and social distancing caused a sharp contraction in production, supply chain disruption. and workers' layoff, and that the SMEs needed financial support (eg loan) to get back on their feet To understand the effects of lock down and subsequent reopening of the economy on small enterprises and their workers, the BRAC Institute of Governance and Development (BIGD) in collaboration with Monash University, Australia, surveyed around 2,000 firms from 18 districts in Bangladesh in July. Of them, 95 percent are light engineering firms and the rest are other small businesses like beauty parlour, hotel, grocery store, and clothing/tailoring. The study mostly focused on the light engineering sector (a small and informal sector) which accounts for more than two million workers and 2 percent of the GDP. During the lockdown, the majority of the small enterprises were shut down After the lockdown was lifted, very few were still closed, about two- thirds were operating at full capacity while one-third were operating at a limited capacity. After reopening these enterprises were facing two-fold challenges reduced demand and the burden of paying for fixed costs such as rent and utilities. Even after more than a month of reopening, almost all the enterprises were still running at the break-even point (very low average profit of Tk 4,000). largely due to the low volume of sales The enterprises such as beauty parlour, hotel, and tailoring were facing the most severe drop in sales reflecting the additional challenge of the service sector where social distancing is often not feasible Intriguingly, compared to the lockdown period, more owners were unable to pay the rent for their workshop premises after reopening. This is perhaps because the owners were in critical shortages of funds as the pandemic prolonged, and they used up their savings or, even worse, capital by then Now, with low sales after reopening, they are struggling to meet the pressure of fixed costs Predictably, those who were facing a larger drop in sales were more likely to face difficulty paying rent in July What made the situation worse, almost two-thirds of these enterprises also reported experiencing a shortage of raw materials. Most of them reported that they were either reducing their production or increasing product prices to cope with this shortage, further deepening the crisis Consequently, many workers of the small businesses were forced to leave jobs and migrated back to villages from towns and cities. Though most workers returned to work by July, income-recovery has been low for them. Male workers were earning about 30 percent less than the pre-pandemic period, female workers were earning $2 percent less. Female workers in these enterprises were also less likely to return to the labour market: What's most concerning is that "poorer" enterprises, which had lower financial capital during the pre-pandemic period, are less likely to operate their business at full capacity after the end of the lock down. They also had lower sales after the lock down was lifted-the poorest enterprises were experiencing about 50 percent reduction in sales, almost double the loss incurred by the richest These findings demonstrate the vulnerability of the poorer enterprises and the need for providing support for them. to start their activities. It is clear that the small businesses are in dire need of support to get back on their feet On April 13, the government announced a stimulus package for SMEs through low- interest loans (about half of the market rates) to be delivered through the banking system. Though two-thirds of the surveyed enterprises reported that they knew about this initiative, only three.

percent applied for the support, Only one out of 1960 firms received credit from the banking channel under the stimulus package of the government study found that the enterprises that had a higher profit margin before the pandemic were open during the lock down, or had higher sales after the lock down, or in other words, financially stronger enterprises were more likely to apply for government support. High costs in lending to the small enterprises and fear of non-repayment have already been established as major hindrances for small enterprises to access the incentive loans, und there is a growing concern that the stimulus package will not reach the vulnerable firms.

The targeting criteria for reaching the more vulnerable enterprises with the support package are of utmost importance. At the beginning of the pandemic, many experts had suggested that smaller enterprises should get priority for getting support. The small enterprises face several challenges in accessing credit through the formal banking system, and many of them are not even aware that they can obtain this support to recover from the shock created by the pandemic. When asked about their future business plan, almost half of these enterprises reported that they face uncertainties and could not make any plan for their business recovery. If the small businesses do not get support, many may never recover. In the end, sustaining small businesses will positively impact our economy and their closing down will send ripple effects to the wellbeing of the economy Hence, all parties of the financial system should safeguard the existence and security of the small businesses.

প্রশ্নে বলা হচ্ছে, শপিং করে বাড়ি ফেরার সময় মোবারক 5 মাইল দক্ষিণে এবং তারপর পূর্বদিকে বরাবর আরো 12 মাইল গেলেন। শপিংমল থেকে সরাসরি তার বাড়ির উদ্দেশ্যে রওয়ানা দিলে তিনি কত মাইল পথ কম হাঁটিতেন?  

এখন প্রশ্নঅনুযায়ী চিত্রটি আঁকিঃ 

চিত্রে দেখা যাচ্ছে যে, A যদি শপিং মল হয়, 

তবে মোবারক দুইভাবে তার বাড়ি c তে পৌঁছাতে পারে। 

i) এর পথ দিয়ে গেলে তাকে 5+12=17 মেইল পথ অতিক্রম করতে হয়। 

ii) এর পথ দিয়ে গেলে তাকে শুধু 13 মেইল পথ অতিক্রম করতে হয়। 

কারণ, 5² + 12² = 13² [পিথাগোরাসের সূত্রানুযায়ী] 

কম যেতে হতো = 17-13 = 4 মাইল।